Printing-press



M. S. ROSENFELD. PRINTING PRESS. APPLICATION FILED AUG. 10, 1918.

Patented Feb. 24, 1920.

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& I I I FM IIIIIIIII Ti L 1- I 4- UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE.

MAURICE S. ROSENFELD, OF NEW YORK, N. Y., ASSIGNOR 'I'Q DECALMO MACHINE00.,

- INC., A. CORPORATION OF DELAWARE.

PRINTING-PRESS.

Specification of Letters Patent.

Patented Feb. 24, 1920.

Application filed August 10, 1918. Serial no. 249,314. 1

- To all whom it may concern:

Be it known that 1,.MAURI0E S. Rosan- FELD, a citizen of the UnitedStates, residing inthe borough of the Bronx, in the county of Bronx, inthe city and State of New York, have invented a certain new and usefulImprovement in Printing-Presses, of which the following is aspecification.

The present invention relates to an improvement in printing presses andmore particularly to printing presses of the cylinder type especiallyadapted for printing impressions at 'regular intervals on a continuousweb or tape.

One object of the invention is to produce a printing press havingimproved means for perforating the strip of tape simultaneously with theprinting thereof, so that the perforations and the printed impressionson the tape may have a certain and definite relation, to the end thatwhen the tape is subsequently run through the press to receive anotherseries of printed impressions over. the first series, the correspondingimpressions will accurately register.

Another object of the invention is to improve generally upon theconstruction, organization and mode of operation o'f print- I ingpresses of the above type, in order to produce a press which willoperate upon a thin and delicate web or tape with great rapidity andaccuracy without liability of injuring the tape, regardless of thenumber of times the tape is run through the press. In accomplishing thisobject, a feature of the invention resides in providing the printingress with a winding mechanism-for Winding up the printed tape deliveredfrom the printing rolls; this winding mechanism being of suchconstruction that the take-up reel on which the tape is wound into aroll will be actuated according to the amount of tension on the lengthof tape extending from the printing rolls to the take-up reel, thusobviating the liability of breaking or tearing this part of the tape.Other features of the invention will appear hereinafter as thedescription .proceeds. The invention itself consists in the improvedprinting press described in the following specification and particularlypointed ont in the appended claims.

The preferred form in which it is at present contemplated embodying theinvention is illustrated in the accompanying drawings,

in which Fi re 1 is a front elevation of the improved printing press;Fig. 2 is a rear elevation of the same; Fig; 3 is a plan View of theprinting press; Figs. 4 to 7 inclusive are plans of a portion of thetape, illustrating its condition before and after several printingoperations are performed upon it; Fig. 8 is a section taken on the line88 of Fig. 3, looking in the direction of the arrows; Fig. 9 is a rearelevation on an enlarged scale of the central part of the press withcertain portions thereof shown in section; Fig. 10 is a section taken onthe line 1010' of Fig. 8; Figs. 11 and 12 are sections takensubstantially on the lines 11-11 and 12-12, respectively, of Fig. 9 (inFig. 11 the inking carriage is removed); Fig. 13. is a section taken onthe line 13-13 of Fig. 12; Fig. 14 is a plan, partly in section, of thefeed rolls; Fig. 15 is a detail of one end of the parts shown in Fig:14; Figs. 16, 17 and 18 are sections taken on the lines 16-16, 1717 and18--18,- respectively, of Fig. 14; Fig. 19 is a section taken onsubstantially the line 1919 of Fig. 20; Fig. 20 is a section taken onthe line 2020 of Fig. 19; and Fig. 21 is ai'vertical'section through theprinting rolls showing particularly the means for perforating the tapeduring the printing operation. I

The improved printing press of the present invention as illustrated inthe drawings comprises an upper or type carrying printing roll 24 and animpression or lower printing roll 25, which cooperate to printimpressions at regular intervals upon a strip of tape 26 fed between therolls. The impressions are made on the tape at regular intervalsthroughout its length by type 27 formed on and raised from the surfaceof the upper printing roll 24. In order that the printed ular intervals,the groups of raised type are equally spaced on the periphery of theupper printing roll. In the present instance, three groups of type areshown. The web or strip impressions on the tape may be made at regv Iing press. The take-up reel 29 is fulcrumed on a stud 34 removablysecured in the outer end of a bracket 35 fastened to the opposite endof'the table 33. Each of the studs 30 and 34 is provided with a handleso that the stud may be readily removed to permit the rolls of tape tobe placed in and taken from 'the press. Auxiliary printing rolls 37 and38, located in close proximity with the lower printing roll 25, areprovided for the purpose of assisting in feeding the tape between thetwo main printing rolls. The lower printing roll 25 acts as animpression roll to support the tape during the printing operation, andfor this purpose its surface is provided with a yielding material.

During the printing operation the tape is perforated so that when thetape is again run through the press, whether one or more times, thesubsequent printed impressions made on the tape will accurately registerwith the prior corresponding impressions printed thereon. simultaneouslywith the printing thereof by means of pins or projections 39 carried bythe margins of the upper printing roll 24. The perforating pinscotiperate with holes formed in perforating rings 40 carried on theouter ends of the periphery of the impression roll 25. These perforatingrings 40 are loosely mounted on the impression roll so that as theperforating pins enter and. leave the holes, the rings may have a slightoscillatory movement on the impression roll to prevent the perforatingpinsf from binding in their cooperative holes. Under each hole in therings40 is formed a slanting recess 41' inthe impression roll to permitthe bits of paper out from the tape by the perforating pins to fall fromthe press.

When the tape is fed through the press for the first time in itsunprinted, unperforated condition, it .is fed directly under the roll 37over the impressionroll- 25 and delivered from the printing rolls underthe roll 38. When, however, the tape has been once printed andisperforated, and is subsequently fed through the press to receive thedesired number of subsequent impres. sions, the tape is fed between theprinting rolls by passing it under the roll 37 over an auxiliary roll43, thence under the upper printing roll 24 with the perforations in thetape engaged by the perforating pins on the upper printing roll. As inthe first instance, the tape is delivered from the printing rolls bypassing it over the impression .roll 25 and under the roll 38. This modeof feeding the tape for the subsequent printing bperations is indicatedby the dot and dash lines in Fig.

' 8. By this means an accurate registry be- Impressions on the tape iseffected. The

auxiliary roll 43 is pivoted on a stud 44 car- The tape is perforated Imauve ried by the upper ends of the arms 45 ivoted on lugs 46 on aframework 47 rismg from the main table 33.

The upper and lower printing rolls 24 and 25 are respectively mounted onshafts 48 and 49 carried by blocks 50 and 51 slidingly received inguide-ways formed in the upper part of the frame 47. The printing rollsare normally held apart by springs 53 (Fig. 10) received in facingrecesses in the blocks. Screws hold the springs in place in the lowerblocks 51 so that when the upper printing roll is removed the springswill not e lost. By turning the set screws 54, passing through topplates 55 spanning the vertical slots in which the blocks 50 and 51 arereceived, the tension of the springs 53 may be regulated. The plates 55are held in position y thumb screws 56 threaded into the open ends ofarms 57 pivotally mounted on uprights 58 formed on the frame 47. By

unloosening the thumb screws 56, swingfrom a spur gear 60 (Fig. 10)fixed on the shaft 49 of the lower printing roll, which meshes with aspur gear 61 fixed on the shaft 48 of the upper printing roll. Theauxiliary roll 38 is also driven by the lower printing roll, and forthis purpose a gear 62 carried by the shaft 49 meshes with a gear 63(Fig. 11) mounted on the shaft of the auxiliary roll 38. The hub ofthegear 60 is provided with a bevel gear 65 which meshes with acorresponding bevel gear 66 mounted on the forward end of a shaft 67journaled in brackets secured to the frame 47 The shaft 67 carries alarge bevel gear 68 which meshes with and is driven by the bevel pinion69 carried by the upper end of the shaft 70' (Fig.10), on the lower endof which a bevel gear 71 is fixed, which is driven by a bevel pinion 72fixed on a shaft 73 journaled in the frame 47. The shaft 7 3 is providedwith a large gear 74 which is driven by a bevel pinion 75 fixed on theupper end of a vertical shaft 76 the lower end of which is supported ona bearing 77 (Fig. 8) fixed in the hollow table 33. Fixed on the s aft76 is an upper, cup-shaped clutch member 78, adapted to 005' erate withand be driven by a lower clutch member 79, which is in the form of atruncated cone. The lower clutch member 79 is loosely mounted on theshaft 76 and is yieldingly pressed upwardly into driving engagement withthe upper clutch member 78 by the spring 80 surrounding the shaft 76 andreceived in a recessformed in the upper end of the hub of a bevel gear82 also loosely mounted on the shaft 76. The gear 82 meshes with and isdriven by a'bevel pinion 83 securedon the inner end of a shaft 84. Theouter end of the shaft 84 carries a clutch member 85 which is driven bya. clutch member 86 carried on the outer end of the shaft of a motor87-which constitutes the sourceof power for the printing press. The gear82 is in driving engagement with the lower clutch member ,7 9 by meansof pins 88.

. The two clutch members are disengaged against the action of the spring80'by means of a lever 90 pivoted at 81 on the frame of the press. Thelever 90 is in the form of a yoke and its arms carry rolls 91 supportedon the inner ends of inwardly projecting pins secured in the arms of thelever. The rolls 91 are engaged by a groove 92 formed in the peripheryof the lower clutch member 79. The free end of the lever 90 carries acam roll' 93 which is adapted to be engaged by a cam 94 secured to ashaft 95 to the outer end of which a handle 96 is as- 25 tened. Byturning the handle 96 in the proper direction, the lower clutch member79 may be depressed against the action of its spring to move'it out ofengagement with its upper clutch member 78; or it may be released-topermit the spring 80 to force it against the upper clutch member, sothat the shaft 76 and the parts operatively connected With it may bedriven by the motor 87. The operative parts of the printing pressalready described, as well as the remaining operative parts thereof, maybe turned manually by the hand-wheel 97 secured to the outer end of theshaft 98, the inner endof which is provided with a clutch member 99adapted to cooperate with a corresponding clutch member 100 fastened tothe shaft 7 3. A spring 101 (Fig. 10) received in the recessed hub ofthe hand wheel tends'to disengage the two clutch members 99 and 100. Theweb or strip oft-ape 26 is fed to the printing rolls by means of aseries of oooperating feed rolls 103, 104 and 105. The

shaft of the lower feed roll 104 is joui'naled in the frame 47, and theshafts of the rolls hinged to the frame 47 on pivot pins 107. Thesurface of the feed rolls are preferably formed of cork or some similarmaterial having a high coefficient of friction. A snap 108 secured tothe frame 106, by engaging with the head of a screw 109 in the frame 47,holds the frame. 106 in operative ition. When the snap 108 is disengaged5m the screw 109, a spring 110 the upper end of which is fastened to aprojection 111 on the frame 106 and the lower end of which is fastenedto the frame 47, as shown in Fig. 2, servesto tip the frame into theposition shown by dotted lines in Fig. 17. By means of this constructionthe strip of tape to be 103 and 105 are journaled in a frame 106 printedmay be. readily and quickly placed between the feederolls, by turningback the frame 106 with the rolls 103 and 105, placing the tape over thelower roll 104 and lowering the frame 106 to bring the rolls 103 and 105into operative relation with the roll 104.

One end of the shaft of the feed roll 104 is provided with a spur gear112 which meshes with and drives a spur gear 113 fixed on the shaft ofthe feed roll 105-. The other endof the shaft of the feed roll 104 isprovided with a bevel gear 114 which'meshes with and is driven by acorresponding bevel gear 115 fixed on the rear end of the shaft 67. Thebevel gears 66 and 115 are of the same diameter, so that the tape may befed to the printing rolls with the same speed with which it passesthrough the printing rolls. The s trip'of tape passes to the feed rollsthrough upper and lower pads 117 of some fibrous material such as felt,and is de livered from the feed rolls between similar pads of felt 118.The upper felt pads are carried by the frame 106 and the lower pads offelt arecarried !by the frame 47, as clearly shown in Fig. 8. The .padsof felt act as brakes upon the tape in order that it may be drawn fromthe supply roll and fed to the printing rolls in a smooth and evenmanner. Incidentally, these pads of feltact to clean the tape In passingto the feed rolls from the supply reel, the strip of tape passes overaroll 119 journaled in a bracket 120 secured to the end of the frame 47.It will be observed that the end feed rolls 103 and 105 are providedwith flanges which guide the tape in its passage through the feed rolls.

Although the printing rolls and the feed rolls are driven at the samerate of speed, so that normally the tape is delivered from the feedrolls with the same rapidity with which it enters between the printingrolls, it

has been found necessary to permit. the tape to form a deep loopor-bight, as indicated at 122-, between the feed rolls and the printingrolls. This is for the purpose of preventing-the perforating pins fromtearing the tape in case of any possible discrepancy or difference inthe action of the printing rolls and the feed rolls. This discrepancy isliable to occur by reason of the fact that as the supply roll ofunprinted tape diminishes in size, more force is required to draw thetape from the supply reel. By the provision of-the loop 122, theprintingrolls are effectively prevented from exerting anytearing strain upon thetape.

The printing material to be impressed upon the tape by the printingrolls will hereinafter generically be termed ink, Whether this printingmaterial be sizing, varnish, bronze or other substance. The ink issupplied to the printing rolls by a series of ink- I .ing or inksupplying rolls carried by a carriage124, and comprisin an inking rollproper 125, an ink carrying roll 126, two spreading rolls 127 and 128and an adjusting roll 129. These rolls, except the ink carrying roll126, are journaled in blocks adjustably secured in the carriage 124. Theinking roll 125, the spreading rolls 127 and 128 and the adjusting roll1291may be adj-usted relatively tothe ink carrying roll 126 by means ofhandles 130, which are connect e with the blocks in which the rolls arejournaled in such wise that the turning movements imparted to thehandles 130 either move their respective rolls toward or from the inkcarrying roll 126. The ink is supplied to the adjusting roll 129 from atray 131 supported on the upper part of the carriage 124. The adjustingroll 129 acts to put the ink in the first instanceon the ink carryingroll 126. The rolls 127 and 128 act to spread the ink out on the inkcarryingv roll, and for this purpose the,

spreading rolls are caused to move axially of the ink carrying roll bymeans of a cam 133 (Fig. 12) fixed on the shaft of the ink carryingroll. The cam 133 is provided with a cam groove which engages cam rollssupported on the lower ends of levers 134,

the upper ends of which carry rolls received in grooves formed incollars 135 fixed on the extended ends of the shafts of the.

spreading rolls. These parts have such'relationship of construction thatthe spreading rolls move axially in opposite directions;

The inking roll 125 serves to convey the ink from the carrying roll 126to the upper, type carrying printing roll 24.

The rolls 125, 126 and 129 are rotated, and

for this purpose their. shafts are. provided respectively with-gears137, 138 and 139.

The gear 138 on the ink carrying roll 126' meshes with and is driven bya spur ear 123, the hub of which has fixed upon 1t a bevel gear 140which meshes with the bevel gear 141 loosely mountedon a shaft 142 (Fig.9), the forward end of which carries a second bevel gear 143 fixed uponthe. shaft.

The gear 143 meshes with and is driven by the bevel gear 65. The gear141 is in pin and slot connection with the extended hub of a clutchmember144 loosely mounted on the shaft 142. This clutch ,member 144 isadapted, when the carriage 124 is moved toward the printing rolls, to bebrought into locking engagement with a" second clutch from the frame 47.By adjusting the stop pin 148 in the lug 149 the amount of. ink suppliedby the roll 125 to the upper printing roll 24 may be regulated.

he under surface of the carriage 124 is provided with racks 151 (Figs.12 and "19), of which there is one on each side of the carriage. Theseracks 151 are engaged by' pinions 152 mounted on a shaft 153 journaledin the frame 47 By turning the handle 154 fixed on the outerend of theshaft 153, the carriage 124 may be moved toward the printing rolls tosupply ink thereto or may be moved away from the printing rolls. Whenthe carriage 124 has been moved into operative relation with theprinting rolls, it is held in that position with the lug 149 up againstthe stop pin 148 by tightening the split sleeve 155 which surrounds acollar fixed on the shaft 153, by turning a thumb.

screw 156. In order that the ink supplying rolls may be turned manually,the shaft of the ink carrying roll 126 is provided with a hand wheel157.-

When the printed and perforated tape is delivered from the printingrolls, it passes under a guide roll 159 loosely mounted on the shaft153. It then passes between two outer guide rolls 160 and 161 journaledin the end of a bracket 162 fastened to the frame 47.. It will beobserved that the bottom guide roll 161 is of the same diameterthroughout and and that the upper guide roll 160 has its central portionof smaller diameter than the end portions. This is for the purpose ofpreventing the central portion of the upper guide roll from striking andmarring the impressions made upon I the tape by the printing rolls. Inlike manner the central portion of the guide roll 159 is of smallerdiameter than the end portion thereof and' for the same purpose. Fromthe guide rolls 160 and 161 the printed and perforated tape passes tothe take-up reel 29.

In order that the printed tape may be properly wound up into a rollwithout liabil ity of breaking or tearing the tape, the printing pressis provided with a winding mechanism. This Winding mechanism comprisesthetake-up reel 29 and means for actuating the reel. The reel isprovided with a core 163 upon which the printed tape is wound up. It isobvious that when the roll of tape on the core 163 is relatively small,the takeup reel 29 must move through a greater angular distance in orderto takie up the slack between the printing rolls andthe reel,

than the angular distance it must move.-

through when the roll on the core is rela-' tively large. And so, if thetake-up reelwere driven at a constant speed, the growing} roll on thecore- 163 would soon exert a breaking or tearing strain on the length oftape extending from the printing rolls to the take-up reel. The windingmechanism is so constructed that the take-up reel is not drivenpositively and at a constantspeed, but is actuated intermittentlyaccording, to the tension on the length of tape extending from theprinting rolls to the reel. When the tension exceeds a predeterminedamount,

' the take-up reel is held fast, or is slowed journaled on the bracket35. The gear 164 meshes with and is driven by a bevel gear 165 fixed ona shaft 166 journaled in bearings on the bracket 35. The shaft 166 isconnected by a universal joint 167 to a link 168, which is in turnconnected by a second universal joint 169 to one end of a shaft 170(Fig. 9) journaled in a bracket171 fastened to the frame 47. The otherend of the shaft 170 carries a clutch disk 172 in driving connectionwith a second clutch disk 173 by means of a friction washer 174interposed between the two clutch disks. I The clutch disk 173 ismounted to slide on one end of a shaft 175 journaled in a bracket 176secured to the frame 47, but is turned by the shaft 175 by means of akey and spline connection therewith. A spring 177, received in a cup .178 screwed on a collar 179 fixed on the shaft 175, serves to yieldinglypress the disk 173 and the friction washer 174 against the clutch disk172. The tension of the spring 177 may be regulated by turning the cup178. A check nut 180 holds the cup 178 in adjusted position. The shaft175 is driven by a bevel gear 181 which meshes with the horizontallyarranged bevel gear 71. It will be observed by comparing the gearconnections between the gear 71 and the printing rolls and the feedrolls on the one hand and the gear connections between the gear 71 andthe take-up reel on the other hand, that the rotation of the take-upreel is substantially one and one-half times as fast as the rotation ofthe printing rolls and the feed rolls.

So long as the tension on the part of the printed tape-extending fromthe printing rolls to the take-up reel is less than a certain amount,the clutch disk 173 is permitted to drive the clutch disk 172 and theparts connecting it with the take-up reel; but when the tension on thispart of the tape'exceeds the predetermined amount, then the clutch disk172 is held fast, 01' is slowed down, so that the clutch disk 173 slipsthereon and either no turning movement or but little turning movement isimparted to the takeup reel. This continues until the tension on thetape decreases to a point below the predetermined amount whereupon theclutch disk 172 is released to permit the take-up reel to be actuated atnormal speed. The devices for holding and releasing the clutch disk 172comprise a tension roll 183 (Fig. 11) arranged to engage the undersurface of the printed tape as it passes from the.

printing rolls to the take-up reel. The tension roll 183 is journaled inthe free ends of arms 184 fixed on a shaft 185 journaled in the bracket162. One end of the shaft 185 extends beyond the arms of the bracket 162and carries thereon an arm 186. This construction is substantially abell-crank lever with the arms 184 constituting one arm of the lever andthe arm 186 constituting the other arm of the lever. the arm 186 beingthe same length and extending in the same direction, the up and downmovements of the free end of the arm 186 are of the same extent andsynchronous with the up and down movements of the tension roll 183. Thefree end of the arm 186 is pivotally connected with the free end of thelong arm 187 of a lever 188 pivoted to the frame 47, the short arm 189(Fig. 9) of the lever 188 being connected by a link 190 with the freeend of a lever 191 (Fig. 12) pivoted at 192 on an inward extension ofthe bracket 171. A turnbuckle 193 is provided to regulate the length ofthe link 190. A metallic brake band 194, one end of which is looselyconnected with the pivot pin 192 of the lever 191, and the other end ofwhich off It will be clear from a consideration of Fig. 12 that when thelink 190 is raised, the brake band 194 is tightened on the clutch disk172 to hold it fast or to slow .downits rotation, and conversely whenthe link 190 is depressed. the brake band 194 is loosened on the clutchdisk to permit'it to turn at normal speed.

It will be noted that the lengths of the arms 189 and 187 of .the lever188 are so proportioned that a slight amount of force exerted on thefree end of the arm 187 will exert a considerable amount of force on thelink 190, this force being proportionate to the relative lengths of thearms 189 and 187. Consequently, the thin delicate tape with which thetension roll 183 is in engagement, is able to exert a force upon thelink 190 suflicient to cause the brake band 194 to tightly hug theclutch disk 172 and thereby prevent the clutch disk 173 from driving itand the take-up reel. The tension roll 183 is yieldingly pressedupwardly into engagement with the under surface of the tape by means ofa spring 197, one end of which is connected with an extension 198 of thearm 186, and the other end of which The arms 184 and is connected withan adjusting screw 199 loosely received in a hole in a stud 200 securedto the bracket 162. Check nuts 201 secure the adjusting screw 199 inadjusted position. By adjusting the screw 199 in the stud 200, theupward pressure of the tension roll 183 against the tape may be nicelyregulated and the action of. the tape against the tension roll therebycontrolled. So long as the tension of the tape exceeds the predeterminedamount, which of course will depend upon the tension of the spring 197,it serves to depress the tension roll 183, thereby depressing thepivotal connection 202 between the arm 186 and the arm 187. Thedepression of the free outer end of the arm 18'? of the lever 188'serves to raise the link 190 and thereby tighten the brake band 194 onthe clutch disk 172. .So long as the tension roll 183 continues to bepressed downward by the tension of the tape against it, the band 194 isin braking engagement with the disk 172 and the take-up reel is heldfrom turning. During this operation the printed tape is, of course,continuously delivered from the printing rolls, and so the tension onthe part of the tape extending from the printing rolls to the take-upreel constantly becomes less, with the result that the tension roll 183is finally permitted to rise and thereby loosen the band 194 on theclutch disk 172 to permit the clutch disk' 173 to drive it and itsconnectedtake-up reel. Thereupon the actuation of the takeup reelcontinues until the tension on the tape again becomes suiiicient todepress the tension roll 183. The oscillations of the tension roll, thedownward movements of .which are imparted by the tightening tape and theupward movements of which are imparted by the spring 197, occur withgreat rapidity. This is owing to the small arc of the oscillations,which in turn is owing to the rapidity with which the tape gains andloses its predetermined amount of tension. In practice this part of thetape seems to flutter.

Theprinting press of the present inven-..

tion is especially adapted for operation in such cases where the stripof tape to be printed requires subsequent impressions on the impressionsalready printed on the tape. An accurate registry of the'severalcorresponding impressions is secured by perforating the tapesimultaneously with printing the first series of impressions, and thenusing the perforating insane for engagement with the perforations whenthe tape is subsequently passed through the press. Inasmuch as accurateregistry of the corresponding impresslons of the successive seriesissecured, the printing'press is peculiarly tures of the invention maybe embodied otherwise than as shown and described, and yet be within thescope of the following claims. s

Having thus described the invention, what is claimed as new is:

1. A printing press having, in combination, printing rolls comprising atype-carrying roll and an impression roll, perforating pins on one ofsaidrolls and perforating rings loosely mounted on the other of saidrolls and having holes corresponding to the pins, means for feeding atape to the rolls and means for actuating the rolls.

2- A printing press having, in combination, printing rolls, means forfeeding a tape to the printing rolls, means for perforating the tapeduring the printing operation, an auxiliary roll brought into operationwhen the tape is fed to the printing rolls after the first time so thatthe perforating means may engage with several successive perforations inthe ta e, and means for actuating the printing ro is.

3. A printing press having, in combination, printing rolls, means forfeeding a tape to the printing rolls, perforating pins carried by one ofthe printing rolls, holes in the other printing roll corresponding toMAURICE s RosENrEnD.

